Există, în istoria noastră, două denumiri de o mare plasticitate, a căror origine s-a estompat, dar care au intrat în folclor prin rezonanţa peiorativă a formulării: „Pazvante Chioru” şi „Papură Vodă”. Ambele sunt, atât prin conţinut, cât şi prin expresie, de provenienţă oltenească. Prin sintagmele în care sunt încorporate („vremea lui Pazvante Chioru” şi „ţara lui Papură Vodă”), ele exprimă, de fapt, două perioade istorice distincte, aflate aproximativ una în continuarea celeilalte.
În 21 iulie 1718, se încheia la Požarevac, Serbia (cunoscut sub denumirea germană Passarowitz) un tratat între Imperiul Otoman, pe de o parte, și Imperiul Habsburgic și Republica Venețiană pe de altă parte, prin care Oltenia, care nu făcea parte din Imperiul Otoman, a fost cedată Imperiului Habsburgic. Situaţia a fost acceptată cu bucurie de boierii craioveni, foarte influenţi şi adânc implicaţi în comerţ şi afaceri cu austriecii, datorită conflictului de privilegii care apăruse în 1716 între ei şi Nicolae Mavrocordat, primul domn fanariot din Ţara Românească.
Tentativele habsburgilor de a instaura în Valahia Mică (Kleine Walachei) o administrație proprie, susținută militar, și transformarea ei într-o provincie imperial, au declanşat o puternică mișcare de rezistenţă, care a cuprins toate segmentele societății, de la țărani și micii meseriași, până la comercianți, mica și marea boierime. Mai ales că austriecii au încercat și convertirea la catolicism a populației, ridicând chiar o catedrală catolică la Craiova, distrusă de craioveni imediat după ce construcția a fost terminată.
În aceste condiţii, amploarea haiduciei din Oltenia a atins cote nemaintâlnite, devenind un fel de serviciu militar obligatoriu. Tradiția populară spune că tinerii olteni care nu luau calea haiduciei, cu greu își găseau o fată, nefiind considerați bărbați dacă nu ucideau măcar un soldat imperial.
Un cunoscut haiduc al Olteniei din perioada aceea a fost Pavel Lotru din Bălceşti, căutat de mai bine de trei ani de imperiali şi de potere, fără a fi prins. De la el au primit austriecii, în 1726, cea mai grea lovitură din toată perioada cât au stat în Oltenia.
Pavel Lotru, care haiducea pe ambii versanţi ai Carpaţilor (Oltenia şi zona Sibiului), avea mai multe ibovnice nemţoaice şi unguroaice, majoritatea neveste ale bogătaşilor din Sibiu. Una dintre acestea i-a dat de veste lui Pavel că în Oltenia urma să sosească o mare caravană ce strânsese taxele din Ungaria, Croaţia şi Ardeal, urmând să facă acest lucru şi în Oltenia. Caravana era compusă din 20 de căruţe cu pereţi metalici, fiecare trasă de câte opt perechi de cai nemteşti, arhipline de pungi cu galbeni.
Ceata lui Pavel Lotru s-a unit cu cele ale lui Radu Ursan şi Neagu Papură şi au atacat caravana austriacă la Drăgăşani , confiscând tot aurul. Jaful a fost atât de păgubitor pentru habsburgi, încât a provocat în imperiu o adevărată prăbuşire financiară, drept pentru care banul Craiovei, Gheorghe Cantacuzino, a fost destituit. Din acest moment, boierii din Craiova s-au raliat acţiunilor haiducilor, obstrucționând toate încercările austriecilor de a strînge taxe sau de a-şi impune administraţia.
În 1733, în ajunul Crăciunului, într-o cârciumă din Craiova ( la hanul Puțureanu de lângă fântâna Purcarului), a avut loc un incident minor cu efecte uriaşe. Un oarecare Lorincz, soldat în armata imperială, amețit de băutură, a agresat verbal mai multe femei. S-a iscat un scandal care a degenerat într-o bătaie între soldații care îl însoțeau și oltenii de la mesele din jur. Soldații au reușit să fugă şi să se refugieze în garnizoană. Incidentele păreau aplanate, mai ales că soldatul respectiv fusese pedepsit și trimis la carceră pentru încălcarea conduitei militare. Câteva ore mai tîrziu, însă, probabil instigată de oamenii banului și de haiduci, populația Craiovei, înarmată, s-a adunat în jurul garnizoanei imperialilor cerând să le fie predat Lorincz, pentru a fi judecat de ei. Întrucât comandantul a refuzat, a urmat un asediu de câteva ore, în urma căruia garnizoana a fost incendiată iar cei 375 de soldați au pierit, fie în flăcări, fie linșați de populație.
După acest incident, austriecii au realizat că trupele lor nu reușesc să se impună într-o regiune străină, plină de haiduci, aşa că în ianuarie 1734 au hotărât să-şi retragă cea mai mare parte a trupelor și să angajeze mercenari din rândul populației din zonă. A fost actul de naștere al pandurilor olteni. Lucrurile au luat însă o întorsătură neașteptată: mulți haiduci au găsit bună ideea ca, în loc să jefuiască boierii sau imperialii, să ia banii ca simbrie, fără să facă nimic, aşa că s-au înrolat ca panduri. Timp de aproape doi ani, austriecii au plătit soldă unor haiduci ca să prindă alți haiduci, fără ca vreunul dintre aceştia să fie prins.
În fruntea acestor trupe se afla un personaj controversat, Neagu Papură, el însuşi haiduc sau tâlhar, participant la furtul de la Drăgășani, care îi costase atît de scump pe austrieci. Realizând că au eşuat, imperialii au refuzat să le mai plătească solda. Supăraţi, pandurii au atacat Craiova, jefuind și torturând pe cei câțiva reprezentanţi ai administrației austriece rămași, apoi au jefuit și incendiat mai multe case boierești. A fost picătura finală pentru austrieci, care au decis să părăsească definitiv Oltenia, cu ani buni înainte ca aceasta să fie retrocedată pe baza tratatelor internaționale (1739, pacea de la Belgrad , între habsburgi şi otomani). Au părăsit-o aşa cum au obţinut-o, dar cu pagube imense, mult mai mari decât în urma unei înfrângeri militare. În Craiova, ca şi în toată Oltenia, s-a creat însă un vid de putere, care avea să ducă la dispariţia Băniei , a doua instituție politică a țării ca importanță, după domnie.
După un şir de violențe care a durat cîteva luni, boierii au reușit să-l convingă pe același Neagu Papură să conducă o “miliție a pământului”, pentru a potoli atacurile haiducilor și hoților. De la acest personaj a rămas expresia “Țara lui Papură Vodă” care a depășit cu mult aria Olteniei şi timpul istoric, intrând în folclor cu sensul de țară fără stăpân, unde legile nu mai există. După alte câteva luni de jaf chiar mai consistent decât înainte, Neagu Papură a fost înlocuit de boieri și a luat din nou drumul codrului.
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